Learn About the Life and Death of Activist Chico Mendes

Environmental activist Chico Mendes (1944-1988) spent his entire life living in and fighting for, the rainforests of his native Brazil and its inhabitants. But his commitment to preserving a sustainable way of life cost Mendes his own life.   Chico Mendes: Early Life Chico Mendes was born Francisco Alves Mendes Filho on December 15, 1944 in the small Brazilian village of Seringal Santa Fà ©, outside of Xapuri. His was a family of rubber tappers, people who make their living sustainably by tapping the sap of local rubber trees. Like many rural people, his family also supplemented their income by harvesting nuts and fruits from the rainforest. Mendes started working when he was nine years old, and never received any formal schooling until late in life; by some accounts, Mendes never learned to read until he was about 20 years old. Some of his education was influenced by Euclides Fernandes Tavora, described as a middle-class Communist who, in the 60s, was on the run from Brazils military. Tavora introduced Mendes to books, newspapers and labor unions. Mendes and Organized Labor Mendes began to organize rubber tappers in the region, and he was soon elected president of the Xapuri Rubber Tappers Union. Mendes was also instrumental in organizing Brazils National Council of Rubber Tappers in the mid-1980s; he was soon elected leader of the group. There was (and still is) immense economic pressure, however, to clear the rainforest for cattle grazing. Despite evidence that harvesting the forests rubber, fruits, nuts and other commodities is a more sustainable practice that creates more income over a longer period of time, clear-cutting the rainforest was occurring at an accelerating rate in the 1980s. When 130 ranchers expelled some 100,000 tappers from the rainforest, Mendes and his laborers fought back, rallying whole families to stand in front of chainsaws and block bulldozers. Their efforts met with some success and attracted the attention of the international environmental community. Mendes was placed on the United Nations Environmental Program Global 500 Roll of Honor Award in 1987; he also won the National Wildlife Federations National Conservation Achievement Award in 1988. Mendes vs. Ranchers and Loggers When rancher Darly Alves da Silva attempted to clear-cut an area of rainforest that was planned as a nature preserve in 1988, Mendes succeeded in stopping the planned logging and created the preserve. Mendes also gained a warrant for da Silvas arrest for a murder he had committed in another state. For his efforts, Chico Mendes and his family received constant death threats -- in 1988, Mendes himself predicted he wouldnt live past Christmas. And on the night of December 22, 1988, Chico Mendes was shot to death by a single shotgun blast outside his familys house. Mendes was the 19th activist to be murdered in Brazil that year. Mendes murder sparked international outrage and massive protests in Brazil, eventually resulting in the arrest and conviction of Darly Alves da Silva, his son Darly Alves da Silva Jr., and a ranch hand, Jerdeir Pereia. The Legacy of Chico Mendes Partly as a result of Mendes murder, the Brazilian government stopped subsidizing logging and ranching operations and established many rubber preserves and nature reserves, including one named after the activist, Parque Chico Mendes. The World Bank, which once financed development in the rainforest, is now financing nature reserves that function as sustainable rubber plantations. But all is not well in the Brazilian rainforest, by most accounts. Clear-cutting continues, and according to some reports, fighting development in the rainforests of Brazil has cost some 1,000 activists their lives since 1988. Much work remains to be done to honor the legacy of Chico Mendes.

The Effect Of Prostaglandins On The Inflammation Pathway...

The role of prostaglandins in the inflammation pathway and the mechanism of action of NSAIDs Student ID: 51555517 Date: 11-11-2015 Inflammation is a defense reaction, whereby harmful factors are removed and tissue structure and function are restored. During the acute phase of inflammation, first neutrophils will arrive, followed by monocytes. The monocytes mature into inflammatory macrophages and will finally affect the function of the resident tissue macrophages [Figure 1]. These responses lead to swelling, redness, heat and often pain. Once the first stimulus is removed, the reaction will stop and the inflammatory cells will be returned to pre-inflammatory numbers. Prostaglandins play an important role in immune reactions and are therefore often targeted by anti-inflammatory drugs, such as non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The specific role of prostaglandins and the mechanism of action of NSAIDs will be discussed (Ricciotti; FitzGerald, 2011). Figure 1. Basic diagram of acute inflammation (Reilkoff; Bucala et al., 2011) Prostaglandins in general Prostaglandins are formed when arachidonic acid is released from the plasma membrane by phospholipases [Figure 2]. This acid is metabolized by PGG/H synthase or cyclooxygenase (COX). The four main bioactive prostaglandins are generated in vivo: prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and prostaglandin F2 (PGF2).Show MoreRelatedThe Suppression Of Pain And Inflammation2597 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction 1.1. Inflammation The suppression of pain and inflammation has been a major goal of medical treatment throughout the ages. Inflammation is an essential response to any noxious stimulus which threatens the host and may vary from a localized response to a more generalized one. [1, 2, 3] The inflammation sequence can be summarized as follows: †¢ Initial injury causing release of inflammatory mediators (e.g. histamine, serotonin, leukotriene, SAS-A, lysosomes enzymes and prostaglandins). †¢ VasodilationRead MoreAdrenal Gland9709 Words   |  39 Pagesglucose uptake into muscle and fat cells * It strengthens cardiac muscle contractions * It increases water retention * It has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects Androgens They are produced in the zona reticularis. The most important androgens include: * Testosterone: a hormone with a wide variety of effects, ranging from enhancing muscle mass and stimulation of cell growth to the development of the secondary sex characteristics. * Dihydrotestosterone (DHT): a metaboliteRead MorePathogram: Chronic Respiratory Failure Essays7624 Words   |  31 Pagesordered a sepsis bundle, cardiac |Left-sided pneumonia with pleural effusion- Pneumonia is an| | |enzymes every 6 hours, ABGS every 12 hours, and |inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Bacteria, |Medications | |PICC line insertion for 03/19 for IV fluids, IV |viruses, fungi or parasites can cause pneumoniaRead MoreEstimation Of Plasma And Salivary9963 Words   |  40 PagesMAO Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor MDA Malondialdehyde MMP Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid Mn-SOD Manganese Superoxide Dismutase NO Nitric Oxide NSAID Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug O2–†¢ Superoxide Anion OH†¢ Hydroxyl Radical OLP Oral Lichen Planus PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PFAPA Periodic Fever, Aphthous ulcer, Pharyngitis and Cervical Adenitis PG Prostaglandin PTX Pentoxyfylline PUFA Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids PV Pemphigus Vulgaris RAS Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis RAU Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration

The Good Friday Agreement Free Essays

string(74) " attack until a new cease-fire was agreed \(Pettersson, T and Simmons, D\." The conflict about Northern Ireland The importance of the Good Friday Agreement Introduction: The Irish Island has for centuries been characterized by a conflict between the British and the Irish, and has political, economical and religious roots. After Ireland became independent in the early 19th century, the battles continued in Northern Ireland, who was left under British rules. Irish Catholics in Northern Ireland who had been discriminated for a long time by British Protestants started using weapons and violence exploded. We will write a custom essay sample on The Good Friday Agreement or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the years between 1969 and 1998, more known as â€Å"the Troubles†, were over 3600 people killed in the conflict, among them nearly 2000 civilians. Since 1998 a peace agreement is signed between the parties called the Good Friday Agreement, but Northern Ireland is by some means still a segregated county with Catholics and Protestants living apart from each other (Pettersson T, and Simmons, D. 2010). The power struggle on the Irish Island has been a struggle between Catholics who wished to see a unified Ireland, and by Protestants who opposed for Northern Ireland to remain under British Rule. The Good Friday agreement was signed in 1998 and can be seen as the turning point in the conflict about Northern Ireland. In 1921 the Anglo-Irish treaty was signed, and after centuries of British rule, 26 of 32 counties of Ireland gained independence. The 6 remaining counties formed Northern Ireland, which continued to be governed within the United Kingdom. A majority of the population in Northern Ireland were Protestants and did not want to be a part of Ireland (leonidassthlm 2009). From the period 1921 to 1972 the developed government in Northern Ireland operated with autonomy from London, and power remained exclusively to the Unionist party which had support from the Protestant majority community that favoured to be a union with Britain. The Catholic minority in the country supported the Nationalist party, and they were not allowed to have a role in government, and were discriminated in many areas such as employment, voting rights and housing (dfa. ie 2 June 2012). In the 1960s, a civil rights movement was formed with both Catholics and Protestants; it discussed the unfair conditions for Catholics in Northern Ireland. The movement protested against the unfair conditions, and was sometimes met with police brutality. Every summer Protestants celebrated a former king’s battle, in which he had won over his Catholic enemy (leonidassthlm 2009). In 1969 non-violent campaigners for civil rights protested against the celebration they thought represented discrimination of Catholics (leonidassthlm 2009). They were met with an inhibitory and hostile response from the authorities, pushing Northern Ireland in a sustained period of political crisis. The years that followed was a turbulent and violent time in Northern Ireland, and many people lost their lives in the conflict, including many civilians (www. bbc. co. uk 2 June 2012). The Catholic Army IRA (Irish Republic Army) had been inactive up until the late 1960s, but after â€Å"the Troubles† started in 1969 they became more and more active in what they believed in. IRA fought for Catholic civil rights and a unified Ireland (leonidassthlm 2009). IRA was not the only group that fought for what they believed in. Protestant loyal groups grew stronger with tens of thousands of members that fought for Northern Ireland to still belong to Britain. Violence escalated and it became harder for the British army, who was there to support the Protestant parties, to control the violence. Both sides used violence and weapons against each other to reach their goals. One Sunday in 1972 during a non-violent demonstration for human rights were 13 people killed by British soldiers. This Sunday was later called the â€Å"Bloody Sunday† (Pettersson, T and Simmons, D. 010). The support for IRA grew after the Bloody Sunday, and more British troops were placed in Northern Ireland to prevent the violence. However, it can be questioned how much the British troops really did to prevent the violence, because it is a matter of fact that they were British soldiers, and that Britain did not want to let go of Northern Ireland to make it a unified Ireland (www. landguiden. se 2 June 2012). Both sides were guilty of violence and massacres and one of the worst attacks after the Bloody Sunday was the Bloody Friday. IRA blasted 20 car bombs in Belfast and 9 people died in the attack. About 500 people died in the year of 1972 caused by terror attacks. Civilians in Northern Ireland were getting tired of the violence that had escalated a long time ago, and wished for a change to come. They had seen family and friends getting killed in demonstrations and wanted an end to the violence that had been going on for centuries (leonidassthlm 2009). From 1974 to 1994 were numerous attempts made to try and solve the conflict in Northern Ireland. All attempts were made from London, and even though many people were tired of the violence and the conflict; was it still hard to gain support for a solution that would mean sharing of power between Catholics and Protestants. But there was some progress in the attempt of solving the conflict between Catholics and Protestants. The British Parliament made a deal with the independent Ireland in 1985, the deal meant that Ireland would be asked in questions that had anything to do with Northern Ireland. The deal had positive effects and a close cooperation between Ireland and England arose. Ireland accepted Northern Ireland as being part of Britain as long as a majority of the people wanted it (Pelling, J. 18th May 2008). After many years of violence a peace process were finally starting to take place. In 1994, IRA and its Protestant enemies called for a cease-fire. After numerous failed attempts to start the talks of a peace agreement, IRA broke the cease-fire after 17 months when they blasted a car bomb in London that killed two people and hurt 39. It took 18 months after this attack until a new cease-fire was agreed (Pettersson, T and Simmons, D. You read "The Good Friday Agreement" in category "Essay examples" 010). At last, after years of hope, crushed expectations and new terror attacks, a peace agreement was finally signed. The Good Friday Agreement was signed on 10 April 1998 and was aimed to form the lasting settlement following the cease-fire in Northern Ireland (bbc. co. uk 2004). The Agreement is seen as a turning point in the conflict about Northern Ireland and when the agreement was presented to the public, a majority of people allowed to vote supported the proposition (Pettersson, T and Simmons, D. 2010). The breakthrough the agreement represented was that, for the very first time in Northern Ireland’s history, it brought all the main political parties represented in Northern Ireland- those groups linked to paramilitary as well as those who were committed to constitutional means into the same negotiation forum and obtained a new set of arrangements for democratic governance. The purpose of the agreement was to end the violent conflict and to find a political compromise that would accord for â€Å"parity of esteem† to both the nationalist and unionist political views in Northern Ireland (Fahey, T. 007). At the heart of the Good Friday Agreement lies the statement that it was made for the people of Ireland alone: â€Å"By agreement between the two parts respectively, and without external impediment, to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of consent, freely and concurrently given, North South, to bring about a united Ireland, if that is their wish, acc epting that this right must be achieved exercised subject to the agreement and consent of a majority of the people of Northern Ireland† (Fraser, T,G. 1999 p. 83). The Good Friday Agreement has provided the divided society in Northern Ireland to settle its differences, and a model of governance based on the â€Å"parity of esteem† has replaced the old system with majority rules. Unionists and nationalists have both agreed on proportional inclusion of each group in the government, and this is the first time such an agreement have been accepted by both parties. The voting system now works to ensure that either unionists or nationalists can vote against each other’s group interests. (www. bbc. co. uk 2 June 2012). The Agreement respects both parties’ goals to join the Irish Republic or to remain being a part of the United Kingdom. The agreement is divided into three strands: strand one is dealing with institutional arrangements in Northern Ireland, strand two deals with the relationship between Ireland and Northern Ireland and strand three deals with the relationships between the United Kingdom, Ireland and Northern Ireland. As mentioned before, the agreement focus mainly on the people of Ireland, and equality and rights lies at the centre of the Good Friday Agreement. The agreement protects human rights in Northern Ireland, as well as equality, mutual respect and partnership. The human rights commission and the equality commission are the two institutions in Northern Ireland responsible for ensuring that political, social, civil and cultural rights of every civilian are respected (www. bbc. co. uk 2 June 2012). The Good Friday agreement is such an important part in the history of Northern Ireland, and it is very interesting to see that it took so many years for it to be formed, and also that when it was settled the majority of the population voted yes to the proposition of the agreement. This proves that the majority of the population were at this time exhausted by the violent conflicts, and both Catholics and Protestants actually wanted it to end. Many years of bloody violence have left a deeply segregated society in Northern Ireland. The Good Friday agreement appreciates the importance of talking about the victims of the conflict that suffered and still are suffering from it. The agreement is committed to nurture a culture of tolerance to the discriminated community through promotion of mixed housing, integrated education and the support of integrated employment in companies (bbc. o. uk 2 June 2012). Northern Ireland was ruled from London until the peace agreement was signed, and by 1998 the peace process had come so far that it was possible to create a Northern Ireland government with both nationalists and unionist groups that would have equal rights in the community. The first years after the implementation of the Good Friday Agreement were shaky for the new gove rnment and the British sometimes went in and took over the governmental work. But the peace process were going the right way and in 2005 it had a breakthrough when IRA choose to give up their weapons and volunteers were instructed to form political and democratic agendas with only peaceful means. (www. dn. se October 14th 2002). In 2007 were the power of government divided between Protestants and Catholics, but although the power is shared between the two is Northern Ireland still segregated in some parts (Pelling, J. 18th May 2008). Sharing of power have been important for the peace agreement to last, but there are a number of people that disagree with this solution and violence have occurred even after the peace agreement was signed. However, Northern Ireland is a good example where people have become so tired of conflicts that they step by step is building the ground for a lasting peace. Conclusion: It is truly amazing that a conflict that lasted for so long and was so deeply rooted in people’s hearts and minds, came to a solution because of the Good Friday Agreement. As discussed before in the essay, everything was not easy after the implementation of the agreement and some issues were still there. But the facts remain that the Good Friday Agreement provided Northern Ireland with something it had never experienced before: equality rights for everyone independent on religion, mutual respect and human rights. For me that have grown up in a community with different religions and nationalities it is hard to understand how it must have been for (mainly) Catholics before the agreement. Before the Good Friday Agreement Catholics were discriminated in many areas and today there is no change of being stopped by the police, army or someone else because of someone’s religion. I believe that the main aim of the peace agreement was to divide the power equally between Catholics and Protestants as well as eliminate discrimination. This essay have focused on the importance of the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland in particular, but I believe it is a good example that a conflict that are centuries old, can end on good terms for all the parties involved. I am thinking of younger conflicts around the word that can look at the Good Friday Agreement for inspiration and hope of a better future. References books: Fahey, T. (2007) Conflict and Consensus: A Study of Values and Attitudes in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. Fraser, T, G. (1999) Ireland in Conflict 1922-1998. Chapter 9, p. 83. Florence, KY, USA: Routledge. Internet Sources: BBC. (2012) The Good Friday Agreement [online] BBC. Available from: http://www. bbc. co. uk/northernireland/schools/agreement/. [Accessed 2 June 2012] Department of foreign affairs and trade. (2011) March 25. The Good Friday Agreement [online]. Ireland: Department of foreign affairs and trade. Available from: http://www. dfa. ie/home/index. aspx? id=335. [Accessed 2 June 2012] Landguiden (2011) Northern Ireland [online]. Stockholm: Landguiden. Available from: http://www. landguiden. se/Konflikter/Nordirland Pelling, J. (2008) May 18. Nordirland fortfarande delat (Northern Ireland is still divided). [online]. Available from: http://www. svd. se/nyheter/utrikes/nordirland-fortfarande-delat_1263273. svd [Accessed 2 June 2012] Pettersson, T and Simmons, D. (2010) August 17. Northern Ireland [online]. Uppsala: Sakerhetspolitik. Available from: http://www. sakerhetspolitik. se/Konflikter/Nordirland/Fordjupning/. [Accessed 1 June 2012] TT-Reuters (2002) October 14. Storbritannien tog over styret av Nordirland (Great Britain takes over governmental work in Northern Ireland). [online]. Available from: http://www. dn. se/nyheter/varlden/storbritannien-tog-over-styret-av-nordirland [Accessed 2 June 2012] Reference videos: BBC (2012). Importance of the Good Friday Agreement [Online video]. Available from: http://www. bbc. co. k/learningzone/clips/importance-of-the-good-friday-agreement-1998/11507. html [accessed 3 June 2012] Youtube/Leonidassthlm (2009). Varldens Konflikter: Nordirland del 1 [Online video]. Available from: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=DQMKYPMBzEA [accessed 2 June 2012] Youtube/Leonidassthlm (2009). Varldens Konflikter: Nordirland del 2 [Online video]. Available from: http://www. youtube. com /watch? v=YVBI-otJmMM [accessed 2 June 2012] Youtube/Leonidassthlm (2009). Varldens Konflikter: Nordirland del 3 [Online video]. Available from: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=soL9d4Gh3J4 [accessed 2 June 2012] How to cite The Good Friday Agreement, Essay examples

Organizations in the Global Market-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: How do you build a Marketing Mix? Answer: Introduction In todays market the technological advancement has become very rapid and due to this the product life of the goods, especially the electronics goods are decreasing in a uniform manner. For an example, when an organization launch a type of mobile phone or tablet using a specific technology and after a few months that particular technology gets replaced by an advanced technology. This will surely reduce the product life of the phone or tablet manufactured previously, as those devices would lag behind as per the technologys advancements (Van der Velden, Kuusk and Khler 2015). This is the present situation where the management of the organizations should think about a particular strategy that can enhance the product life of the goods manufactured by them and if the strategies are successfully implemented then it would be good for all the organizations in the global market. Review It is a general concept that marketing mix consists of 4 Ps, but it is a matter of fact that these 4 Ps are the examples of marketing mix. As this 4P model has become very popular and well accepted, this model is used as one of the most used examples of marketing mix. To increase the product life of the goods the management of various organizations should stress on the 4 Cs instead and those are Customer costs, Customer wants, Communications and Customer conventions (Kulik, Usatova and Gerasimova 2014). This model in todays world is much more customer oriented and it can potentially be used to increase the product life of some goods. 4 C model benefits If the management of the organizations stress on the 4 C model they would be focusing on the specific requirements of the customers, the communication with the buyers, conventions and the costs. In this way the manufacturer companies would be sure that what products would be in general accepted in the market and specifically who can be the target customer for those products (Stark 2015). The management has to consider that technology is getting advanced very in a fast pace and to enhance the product life of those goods they have to manufacture those products in such a way so that, that requirement of that particular product does not get diminished at least for a year (Patil and Bach 2017). At the same time the management has to keep in mind the fact that, the products life would be the time when they will be able to launch another device or product that is updated and upgraded than the previous product according to the customer needs. The managements can stress on the cost factors al ong with the communicating factor. The organizations should deploy a customer service who would guide the buyers when needed so that the customers stay loyal towards that particular organization (Mintz and Currim 2013). Product life In todays market if an organization builds a good reputation, then it would be easier for them to retain the customer base no matter how other organizations are competing. On the other hand the management of these organizations has to be aware of the fact they do not lag behind technologically. For an example it can be said that Nokia had a monopoly in the market of mobile phones. With time organizations like Samsung and Apple came forward with their unique ideas and slowly replaced Nokia from the market previously owned by Nokia (Bouwman et al. 2014). Nokia got behind as they could not adapt the changes that were required at that point of time and the other organizations took that opportunity to replace Nokia. Same goes for Dell and HP. They were lagging behind technologically and Apple took that opportunity and came up with their brilliant idea of MAC book and gained huge popularity along with profitability (Meyer and Katz 2016). There is an individual who works for Nokia mobiles, he himself stated that they could not adapt the changes of the market and thus perished, but nowadays after the buyout of the organization, the new structure of the organization allowed them a freedom to do their work and that resulted in incorporating latest technologies in the devices and some changes in the marketing mix. The organization got inclined towards 4C model of marketing mix that is mentioned above, and then the graph of success has started to increase from the last financial year. Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that the managements of the organizations should be aware of the changes in the market and take the steps accordingly. Nowadays the market has become very unpredictable and that is why the managements will be needing to be extra cautioned and do the needful in order to sustain and increase their productivity and profitability. The managements of these concerning organizations should realize the fact by now that in this ever-changing scenario they should not bank on to something and predict the future, as the turn of events can prove to be really costly for those organizations References Bouwman, H., Carlsson, C., Carlsson, J., Nikou, S., Sell, A. and Walden, P., 2014. How Nokia failed to nail the Smartphone market. Kulik, A.M., Usatova, L.V. and Gerasimova, N.A. (2014) Research of marketing technology in a construction sector of the Belgorod region, World Applied Sciences Journal, 31 (4), pp.642-645 Meyer, D.E. and Katz, J.P., 2016. Analyzing the environmental impacts of laptop enclosures using screening-level life cycle assessment to support sustainable consumer electronics.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, pp.369-383. Mintz, O. and Currim, I.S., 2013. What drives managerial use of marketing and financial metrics and does metric use affect performance of marketing-mix activities?.Journal of Marketing,77(2), pp.17-40. Patil, D.D. and Bach, C., 2017. Marketing-Mix For Strategy Building.Marketing,4(4). Stark, J., 2015. Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Van der Velden, N.M., Kuusk, K. and Khler, A.R., 2015. Life cycle assessment and eco-design of smart textiles: The importance of material selection demonstrated through e-textile product redesign.Materials Design,84, pp.313-324.